The circular DNA genomes of bacteria and some viruses are also sometimes called chromosomes, though they are not composed of chromatin and are not contained within a nucleus. Chromosomes are most easily distinguished and studied in their completely condensed forms, which only occur during cell division. Most eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes composed of very long linear strands of DNA coiled and condensed by histone proteins into chromatin. centrosome chromosome A nuclear DNA molecule containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. A pair of centrioles migrate to and define the two opposite poles of a dividing cell where, as part of a centrosome, they initiate the growth of the spindle apparatus. centriole A cylindrical organelle composed of microtubules, present only in certain eukaryotes. This involves dedifferentiation to a pluripotent state an example is the conversion of mouse somatic cells to an undifferentiated embryonic state, which relies on the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Myc, and Klf4. cell culture cell cycle cell division cell signaling cell wall cellular differentiation cellular reprogramming The conversion of a fully differentiated cell from one tissue-specific cell type to another. cell compartmentalization The subdivision of the interior of a cell into distinct, usually membrane-bound compartments, including the nucleus and organelles ( endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts, intracellular vesicles, etc.), a defining feature of the Eukarya. The branch of biology that studies the structures, functions, processes, and properties of biological cells, the self-contained units of life common to all living organisms. apoptosis B binary fission C cadherin chloroplast cell cell biologyĪlso cellular biology. anaphase The stage of mitosis and meiosis that occurs after metaphase and before telophase, when the replicated chromosomes are segregated and each of the sister chromatids are moved to opposite sides of the cell. The specific sequences of amino acids in the polypeptide chains that form a protein are ultimately responsible for determining the protein's structure and function.
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Out of nearly 500 known amino acids, a set of 20 are coded for by the standard genetic code and incorporated into long polymeric chains as the building blocks of peptides and hence of polypeptides and proteins.
A acetyl-CoA adenosine diphosphate (ADP) adenosine monophosphate (AMP) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) amino acid Any of a class of organic compounds whose basic structural formula includes a central carbon atom bonded to amine and carboxyl functional groups and to a variable side chain.
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